Baleage has become a common term on farms throughout the country, as it is now one of the most popular ways of harvesting and storing feed – but what is baleage?
It is the method of cutting green forage into a windrow for baling at a high moisture content to be stored and fermented within plastic wrap. Most producers have considered baleage as a potential forage harvesting system at some point, and many have tried it out.
Weather has a significant influence on making feed on the farm, from planting to harvest. The environment plants are exposed to throughout the year determines how fast they grow, their nutrient composition and their overall health. Although we can’t control the great outdoors, sometimes we are gifted with great growing conditions only to be challenged with poor harvesting weather, turning what could have been excellent feed into poor feed. Rain frequently delays cutting or settles in on hay that has already been windrowed, giving us very few opportunities to make quality feed for our livestock.
Efforts to make dry hay have faltered due to rain events more frequently in recent years than most of us would like to admit. Excessive rainfall has many producers struggling to get hay dry enough to bale and store properly. Hay baled at more than 20% moisture heats, consuming valuable sugar and protein in the process. Grasses and alfalfa that are cut after a rainfall are high in ash content and take a long time to dry while sitting on already saturated soil. Places of storage pose an additional dry matter loss as well, with bales being rained on and sitting on waterlogged ground, eroding more nutrients if they are not stored inside. Baleage gives us the ability to reduce some of these environmental risks.
Haylage has been a common practice for many years and can also provide some of the same advantages as baleage. Both haylage and baleage are methods of preserving feed through fermentation from high-moisture forage material, allowing producers to remove cut plants from the field quickly. Haylage is typically chopped, packed and stored in a silo, bunker or continuous plastic bag. Baleage is collected using a silage baler for transport to the plastic wrapper for either individual or continuous line storage.
Whether it is dry hay, haylage or baleage, the system that best fits a farm’s needs should be decided upon by considering many different factors and should also be reevaluated periodically. Custom-harvesting operators allow you to jump from dry hay to baleage relatively easily, but many considerations should come into play before committing to a particular system. Below is a summary of advantages and disadvantages to consider.
Advantages of baleage:
- Harvest timeliness: Allows for a shorter time curing in the field compared to dry hay, with a desirable moisture level of 40%-60% moisture. Haylage is similar, with a goal of 50%-65% moisture.
- Flexibility: Much of the same equipment used for dry hay production can be used for baleage. Custom wrapping operations make it possible for you to do much of the work with the equipment you already have.
- Easy to feed: Similar to dry hay, it can be fed in a round feeder, and if utilized in a total mixed ration (TMR), feed loss is minimal compared to oversized/underpacked bunkers or silos.
- Palatability: Usually better than dry hay, with more nutrients from retained leaves and potentially increased digestibility from a good fermentation.
- Accessible: Bales can be stored wherever they are needed, unlike permanent silage systems, which require feed to be hauled to other locations throughout the year.
- Dry matter (DM) retention: Besides added leaf retention, dry hay stored outside soaks up moisture and sunlight around the outside, degrading a large portion of the bale over time. Plastic adds increased protection from degradation.
Disadvantages of baleage:
- Plastic collection and disposal
- Added costs from purchasing an inline or individual wrapper ($10,000-$45,000) – plastic itself can add $3-$4 a bale.
- Spoilage can occur if bales have an incorrect moisture content, are not packed tightly or if the plastic is punctured, introducing oxygen. Animals, equipment and even mature plants with stiff stems can poke small holes through the plastic.
- Marketability: Although baleage bales sell more easily than large silage piles, moving them can be difficult, and freight costs per ton of DM are significantly higher.
- Inconsistent fermentation from bale to bale is common due to larger pockets. Additionally, the larger particle size, compared to chopping and pressure from the baler, limits the ability to pack compared to chopped silage. A pH of 5 is common in baleage, compared to a pH of 4 for similar feedstuffs in a pile or silo, indicating less acid produced from fermentation.
- Labor-intense: With added moisture, bales are smaller and heavier compared to dry hay, requiring more time to move a larger quantity. Wrapping also adds substantially more time compared to dry hay. Be sure to bale only what you have time to wrap within 12 hours, or you risk dealing with substantial heating and spoilage.
- Processing: Baleage processing takes time and puts additional wear and tear on equipment, and because of processing, when compared to haylage, forage particle size in baleage has much more variation from feeding to feeding. This can lead to potential sorting at the bunk and butterfat test inconsistencies.
Once you decide baleage is the right fit for you, determining how to wrap bales is the next step. The two most common approaches to wrapping bales are inline wrapping or individual wrapping. In some areas, bales are pressed into a continuous stretch tube, but this method is generally less popular. Inline wrapping places bales end to end with a machine that rotates plastic wrap around the bale as you place them on it, making the row as long as you want it to be.
Individual wrapping leaves each bale by itself, wrapped completely with plastic within its own “mini” silo. By wrapping them individually, bales are easier to sell and transport, but plastic costs are higher compared to inline storage. Additionally, the number of bales wrapped per hour individually (20-40 bales) compared to inline (80-120 bales) is much slower.
Regardless of method, a minimum of six layers of 1-millimeter plastic is needed to help prevent air penetration, and eight layers is recommended. Be sure to also check the stretch pressure on the plastic rolls so as not to over-stretch the plastic past 70% of its original width, allowing for more air infiltration.
As with any silage, regardless of where or how it is stored, our goal is to preserve high-quality feed for maximized production from our animals. To do this, we rely on good fermentation for good stability and nutrient retention. Baleage can be less consistent in terms of its moisture levels and packing density, so using an oxygen scavenger or a high-quality inoculant will optimize fermentation and maximize feed quality. Applying products like these at the time of baling, as either a liquid or a dry granular product, will help alleviate some of the variations associated with baleage and will provide a higher level of stability when reexposed to air by combating wild yeasts and molds.
References omitted but are available upon request. Email an editor.
