However, several logistical challenges (i.e., resources, forage quality and grazing management) often prevent producers from utilizing this valuable resource. Since winter feed cost is typically the largest operational expense, yet an important part of attaining ranch production goals, here are a couple of considerations to help improve your bottom line.

1. Consider evaluating the resource base

Infrastructure needs for cows grazing crop residue can be minimal. Lack of fence and water are common challenges. Electric fence is affordable and works in most grazing situations. Water can be hauled with little expense. Before grazing, check fields for grain piles.

If more than 8 to 10 bushels of grain per acre are on the ground, develop a grazing strategy to control intake or remove grain. Feeding hay prior to grazing helps with the diet transition. Emergency feed supplies are important to have available. When snow cover exceeds 4 to 6 inches, grazing becomes limited.

2. Consider adjusting with forage quality

Quality of residue starts high but declines over time. Grazing right after harvest guarantees the highest-quality residue. Initial quality is related to amount of grain, husk and leaf. Rate of forage quality decline depends on stocking rate and weather.

Protein supplementation might not be needed, depending on amount of residual grain and class of cattle grazing. Dry, pregnant, mature cows are ideal due to lower nutrient requirements. Use caution grazing drought-stressed crop residue. Test for nitrate level. Highest nitrate levels are found in bottom third of the plant, so avoid grazing after husks and leaves have been consumed.

3. Consider incorporating good grazing management

Stocking rate is the most influential factor to consider. Base stocking rate on bushel yield per acre and average cow weight. Residue available for grazing is correlated with harvested grain yield. Grazing days per acre can be estimated (i.e., 1,200-pound dry cow) by dividing bushel yield by 3.5. For example, 210-bushel yield would result in 60 grazing days per acre.

Grazing time can be extended by strip grazing to provide uniform nutrient intake and increased residue utilization. The goal of efficiently utilizing crop residue is the common link among each consideration. Overcoming challenges associated with grazing requires increased effort and planning. However, feed costs can be reduced while maintaining cow herd nutrition and productivity.  

• Ryan D. Rhoades

• Assistant Professor
• Beef Extension Specialist - Colorado State University
• Email Ryan D. Rhoades